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Sains Malaysiana 54(1)(2025):
211-224
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5401-17
Enhanced Toxicity
and Antifungal Effects of Iron-Oxide Chitosan/Samarium/Ranitidine
Microparticles
(Sitotoksisiti Dipertingkatkan dan Kesan
Antikulat bagi Zarah Mikro Kitosan/Samarium/Ranitidine Oksida Besi)
ENY
KUSRINI1,2,3,*, KHAIRU NUZULA1, ANWAR USMAN4,
LEE D. WILSON5, CINDY GUNAWAN6 & AGUS
BUDI PRASETYO7
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI Depok, 16424, Indonesia
Received: 25 June
2024/Accepted: 30 October 2024
Abstract
This
study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and antifungal properties of Sm(NO3)3.6H2O
salt, chitosan/Sm complex, iron oxide (Fe3O4 NPs), and
iron-oxide modified chitosan/Sm/ranitidine microparticles. The
microparticles of iron-oxide modified chitosan/Sm/ranitidine composites were
synthesized from various masses of Sm(NO3)3.6H2O
(250-350
mg), chitosan (2,000-2,500 mg), and (5-25 mg) through
the microwave-assisted evaporation method. The Fe3O4 NPs and ranitidine/Sm were mixed with chitosan through a dispersion method by microwave. The toxicity studies of iron-oxide modified
chitosan/Sm/ranitidine composites showed 50%
lethal concentration in the range from 3,600 to 3,900 µg/mL on the
aquatic crustacean Artemia salina, suggesting their slight
toxicity. Antifungal activities for all samples were determined using the agar
diffusion and serial dilution methods. The iron-oxide modified chitosan/Sm/ranitidine composites showed
inhibition zone diameter of Aspergillus niger from 18.33 to 14.67 mm at
1,000 µg/mL. All composites and chitosan/Sm complex showed bioactivity
properties with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 2.5 µg/mL against A.
niger. These composites and chitosan/Sm complex have the same minimum
fungicidal concentration, showing the potential to inhibit fungi. Overall
results suggested that modifying the structure of chitosan using Sm3+,
Fe3O4 NPs, and ranitidine enhanced its physical,
chemical, and biological properties as an antifungal agent.
Keywords:
Antifungal agent; cytotoxicity studies;
iron-oxide modified chitosan/Sm/ranitidine microparticles; microwave-assisted evaporation
Abstract
Penyelidikan
ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sifat sitotoksisiti dan antikulat garam Sm(NO3)3.6H2O,
kompleks kitosan/Sm, oksida besi (Fe3O4 NPs) dan zarah mikro kitosan/Sm/ranitidin terubah suai besi-oksida. Zarah mikro bagi
komposit kitosan/Sm/ranitidine terubah suai besi-oksida telah disintesis
daripada pelbagai jisim Sm(NO3)3.6H2O (250-350
mg), kitosan (2,000-2,500 mg) dan (5-25 mg) melalui kaedah penyejatan gelombang
mikro-berbantu. NP Fe3O4 dan ranitidine/Sm
dicampur dengan kitosan melalui kaedah serakan oleh gelombang mikro. Kajian
sitotoksisiti bagi komposit kitosan/Sm/ranitidine terubah suai besi-oksida
menunjukkan 50% kepekatan maut dalam julat dari 3,600 hingga 3,900 µg/mL pada
krustasea akuatik Artemia salina yang menunjukkan sedikit ketoksikannya.
Aktiviti antikulat untuk semua sampel ditentukan menggunakan kaedah penyebaran
agar dan pencairan bersiri. Komposit kitosan/Sm/ranitidine terubah suai
besi-oksida menunjukkan diameter zon perencatan Aspergillus niger daripada 18.33 hingga 14.67 mm pada 1,000 µg/mL. Semua komposit dan kompleks
kitosan/Sm menunjukkan sifat bioaktiviti dengan nilai kepekatan perencatan
minimum 2.5 µg/mL terhadap A. niger. Komposit dan kompleks kitosan/Sm
ini mempunyai kepekatan racun kulat minimum yang sama yang menunjukkan potensi
untuk menghalang kulat. Keputusan keseluruhan mencadangkan pengubahsuaian
struktur kitosan menggunakan Sm3+, Fe3O4 NPs dan ranitidine
meningkatkan sifat fizikal, kimia dan biologinya sebagai agen antikulat.
Kata kunci: Agen
antikulat; kajian sitotoksisiti; mikro zarah kitosan/Sm/ranitidine terubah suai
besi-oksida; penyejatan gelombang mikro-berbantu
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